Liability Exposure Within Multiple Businesses - 2028 Words

There is always liability exposure within multiple businesses, There is always the personal risk of exposure to liability, this is considerably high; being a sole proprietor, they assumes unlimited personal liability, also for breach of contract lawsuits. Under this business entity all personal assets or put at risk for the sake of the organizations itself. liability deal with certain responsibilities of one party or a group of an organization that deals with financial compensation, a sole proprietorship is a business or business owned and operated by one individual (Mancuso, 2014). A number of business operations and behaviors can create liability exposure for diverse organizational structures. There is limited partnership in some businesses this is being sued for breach of contract, there is personal risk of exposure to liability, it can be moderate to a general partnership, this can mean property, now, and severe liability can mean individual property that is levied on partnership property that has been exhausted. Liability is not always based on intentional actions or even being negligence, sometimes liability can even be a way to brokers the peace between certain parties, rather than an injured party using more serious action (Mancuso, 2014). There is always a personal risk of exposure to liability, this is considerably high; both the partnership property (organizational assets) and individual assets are at risk; however, only a portion of the lawsuitShow MoreRelatedLiability Exposure Within Multiple Businesses2113 Words   |  9 PagesLiability exposure within multiple businesses, There are personal risk of exposure to liability this is considerably high; the sole proprietor assumes unlimited personal liability for the breach of contract lawsuit and, under this business entity, puts all personal assets at risk for the sake of the organization itself. Liability had to deal with certain responsibilities of one party or a group of an organization that deal with financial compensation. A sole proprietorship is a business or businessRead MoreThe Problem Of The Medical Marijuana Industry1410 Words   |  6 Pagesstaggering growth in recent years with many state level legalizations and the federal memo issued in 2013 that told prosecutors to leave these businesses alone, as long as they comply with all their state laws. Colorado was the first state to legalize marijuana for recreational purposes and marijuana infused edibles soon became a rapidly growing element within the marijuana industry. As such, states are struggling to write effective legislation and create adequate testing and identification to addressRead MoreProposed Changes Of The Accounting Infrastructure Reform Bill871 Words   |  4 Pageson auditors. The Accounting Infrastructure Reform Bill includes proposals to change this rule and allow members of accredited professional bodies to perform statutory audits. The Reform Bill is also proposing other methods for auditors to limit liability. There are a number of reasons behind the proposal. It allows for auditors to overcome limitations faced with their current partnership structure. A partnership structure means that a high level of care and standard must be present as every partnerRead MoreDisneys Strategic Initiative Paper1708 Words   |  7 Pagesthat talks about Disney’s role of ethic and compliance, procedures used to ensure ethical behavior, SEC regulations, financial performance, and the financial health. Role of Ethics and Compliance Disney has a tremendous amount of exposure to ethics and compliance criticism. Millions of consumers patronize the Disney Company, spending billions on the products and services the company offers. Possessing an ethical and compliant reputation is crucial to the Disney Company’s bottomRead MoreGreen Tree Investments, Llc Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesGreen Tree Investments, LLC (â€Å"GTI†) is a limited liability company incorporated in 2001 under the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act. GTI is managed by seven partners with a combined 140 years of experience, whose expertise spans multiple industries. As of September 30, 2016, GTI manages approximately $9.7 billion in various alternative investments. Investors may attain the potential diversification benefits of alternative investments by customizing a portfolio to meet the Investor’s needsRead MoreThe Effects Of Exposure Levels On The Group s Exposure1119 Words   |  5 Pagessame as stress testing which capture the Group’s exposure to unlikely but plausible events. Many different scenarios are run, in order to account for significant movements in credit spreads, interest rates, commodity prices, and exchange rates. Citi performs stress testing on a regular basis to estimate the impact of extreme market movements. It is performed on individual positions and trading portfolios, as well as in aggregate inclusive of multiple trading portfolios. Citi’s independent market riskRead MoreRisk Management Systems Are Designed1453 Words   |  6 Pageshospitals keep records of all important information about their patients such as social security number, home address, private health information and so on. Hackers choose to hack hospitals as their security system is easier to hack. They target multiple hospitals at a time and ask for a ransom that costs less than buying insurance or upgrading the software, forcing each hospitals to pay. Medical malpractice is very frequent yet, isn’t severe due to the fact that it is accounted for in the healthcareRead MoreTelstra Corporation Limited Analysis And Cost Of Capital Review1523 Words   |  7 Pageslarge Australian company and telecommunications and media provider. With the use of technology rampantly increasing in society, Telstra is a company that appeals to a vast range of people, providing consumers with mobile and media connectivity, businesses with necessary software and network applications, and the sick and elderly with ehealth solutions. This report addresses Telstra Corporation Ltd, its shareholders, risk-return analysis and cost of capital review. 1.0 Shareholder AnalysisRead MoreSample Resume : Financial Analysis And Reporting Skills919 Words   |  4 PagesBroadly skilled and versatile assistant accountant and bookkeeper with more than 10+ years experience across multiple industries, providing both hands-on accounting support and higher level reporting. Excellent financial analysis and reporting skills, providing insights, trends and financial statistics for senior management to use in decision making. Able to confidently maintain large AP AR ledgers, Recognised as someone who is pro-active with the ability to quickly identify improvements in processesRead MoreWhat Type Of Entertainment Platform?1212 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment around them. Many reasons can lead to poor financial performance for DirecTV, one being political instability. According to Nelthorpe (2012), Latin America has had some cases of nationalization, to include Venezuela’s nationalization of oil businesses, but is it usually physical assets that are continually taken over. DirecTV itself is in very little danger of nationalization. Political instability is an added potential risk, the outcome stems from a number of issues including corruption, terrorism

Main Theme Of Antigone - 942 Words

Themes are important to any story; they give the reader a sense of background and understanding when it comes to the events unfolding in the story. Many literary works include multiple themes, all of which convey important ideas about humanity and the way that society functions. In Antigone by Sophocles, themes exist such as determination, the conflict between conscience and law, the conflict between divine and human law, and familial loyalty. One key and central theme of Antigone is the importance of loyalty to family, which is shown through Antigones determination and dedication to her family, her conviction in the law of the gods, and her essence and personality as a dynamic character. In Antigone, the protagonists, Antigones,†¦show more content†¦Haemons mother, Eurydice, kills herself as well upon finding out what happened to her son. This shows that these characters value their family more than civil obedience to the head of power, Creon, who also realizes the importance of family relationships after he has lost every one of his family members. A conflict in Antigone that is part of the theme of familial loyalty is the conflict between divine law and human law. Antigone believes strongly in the law of the gods and respecting this law. This was common in ancient Greece, but Antigone held divine law higher above human law in importance. It is referenced and alluded to much in the play, and Antigone even shames her sister, Ismene, for potentially disrespecting the gods, saying if you wish, you can show contempt for those laws the gods all hold in honor (Sophocles). Antigones beliefs are the foundation for her familial beliefs and loyalty, because of the go ds principles. She defended her opposition to Creons laws by saying that Zeus did not announce the law as important to her, and that divine law is to be followed always and forever. She is extremely passionate and followed the law of the gods because the gods laws command the importance of honoring and valuing family relations. It is her responsibility to obey the laws of the gods before anything else, besides family, which goes hand-in-hand with her divine beliefs. Antigone also valuesShow MoreRelatedSophocles Antigone : The Third Of The Three Theban Tragic Plays1106 Words   |  5 PagesSophocles’s play, Antigone is the third of the three Theban tragic plays and was written around 440 B.C. and is still well known today. Sophocles s play Antigone tells a tragic story about family honor and a sister’s love for her brothers. After Antigone’s two brothers, Polynices and Eteocles died in battle, Creon became the new leader of Thebes. Creon orders that Eteocles have a proper burial while Polynices’s body remain unburied, simply left to rot. Antigone refuses to let her brother’s bodyRead MoreExplain the purpose of the main characters, minor characters and the chorus in Antigone. (30 marks)1556 Words   |  7 Pagespurpose of the main characters, minor characters and the chorus in Antigone. (30 marks) All characters which feature in Sophocles’ play Antigone play an important role somehow; mainly conveying a certain moral or theme. The major characters portray the main themes such as loyalty, whilst some of the minor characters and the chorus explore the theme of prophecy and fate. Antigone is one of/the main character in the play named after herself. However it is debatable whether she is the main characterRead MoreThe Four Main Characters In The Tragedy Of Antigone858 Words   |  4 Pagesdrama with a serious undertone that portrays themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal. The main character goes through a series of difficulties that eventually lead to a catastrophic ending. The four main characteristics that define a tragic hero are that they are born into a powerful family, responsible for their own fate, cursed with an unfortunate flaw, doomed to have a tragic fall. The main conflict of the story occurs between King Creon and Antigone. Creon’s decrees that Polyneices was a traitorRead More Looking at the similarities and context of the plays; The Crucible,1001 Words   |  5 PagesLooking at the similarities and context of the plays; The Crucible, St. Joan and Antigone I shall be comparing the following three plays: The Crucible, St. Joan, and Antigone. I will be analysing the plays contents so that I can look at the similarities between the three of them and communicating the ideas that each of the three main characters have similar characteristics. The Crucible was written by playwright Arthur Miller and was first produced in 1953. The play is set in Salem, MassachusettsRead MoreThe Prologue Of Antigone899 Words   |  4 PagesThis passage is an excerpt from the prologue of ‘Antigone’, an Ancient Greek tragedy by Sophocles. In this scene, Antigone is trying to convince her sister, Ismene, to help her bury their brother, Polynices. It is significant to the rest of the play as gives explanation to future events and establishes the characters of Antigone and Ismene and their roles in the overall plot. Additionally, the excerpt gives a strong idea of the setting. In the scene, the audience can infer ideas about past eventsRead MoreEssay about Religion vs. State in â€Å"Antigone820 Words   |  4 PagesThe play â€Å"Antigone† is a tragedy by Sophocles. One main theme of the play is Religion vs. the state. This theme is seen throughout the play. Antigone is the supporter of religion and following the laws of the gods and the king of Thebes, Creon, is the state. In the play Creon has made it against the law to bury Antigone’s brother, something that goes against the laws of the gods, this is the cause of most conflict in the story. This struggle helps to develop the tragic form by giving the readerRead MoreContrast Between Oedipus the King and Antigone by Sophocles744 Words   |  3 PagesContrast between Oedipus the King and Antigone Sophocles, a famous and renowned Greek dramatist, is the playwright to both the play Oedipus the King and Antigone. Along with Antigone and Oedipus Sophocles had also wrote Electra and Fete. Sophocles wrote many Greek tragedies which are plays in which the main character in the play suffers a tragedy due to some flaw of theirs. An example would be how Oedipus (thinking he is defying a prophecy) murders his father and weds his mother. His flaw was himRead MoreThe Test Of Time By Sophocles1403 Words   |  6 Pagesfew have withstood the test of time as long as Antigone has. Written by the ancient Greek playwright Sophocles in 441 B.C, it is almost two and a half thousand years old. How does a piece of writing last that long without becoming irrelevant and antiquated. The answer to that question can be found in the themes and characters of this long enduring masterpiece. Before I jump into this paper, I should probably tell you what Antigone is about. Antigone is a play which takes place shortly after theRead MoreA Man Defeated By His Flaws in Sophocles’ play, â€Å"Antigone† 995 Words   |  4 PagesIn Sophocles’ play, â€Å"Antigone† translated by Robert Fitzgerald and Dudley Fitts, Creon believes his laws surpass the laws written by the gods but his real flaw is his belief in masculine superiority and his self-destructive pride. In Greek literature, a tragedy means a sad story in which a hero is defeated because of his flaws and through this the audience will have a better understanding of themselves and the world. King Creon takes the audience thru his journey of ego, stubbornness and sufferingRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Antigone By Sophocles1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Antigone, composed by Sophocles, informs us that fate cannot be controlled by anyone. Fate is an essential part of many tragedies. As for the characters in Antigone, their fates end up being unavoidable, whether it is due to the reason that they refused to accept it until it was very late, or they accepted the fate and permitted it to come to pass. The character’s lives possess set conclusions, and there exits some clues on what these conclusions shall be, and when they shall happen. The

Proposal Submission Letter Free Essays

Sample Cover Letter The Virtual Community Group, Inc. 17 Park Road Rural Town, NH July 1, 1995 Jane Smith, Executive Director Xavier Foundation 555 S. Smith St. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal Submission Letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Washington, D. C. 22222 Dear Ms. Smith, I am pleased to submit this proposal from the Virtual Community Group, Inc. , requesting an investment of $50,000 per year over two years from the Xavier Foundation to support our Enterprise 2000 initiative. This grant would provide part of the funds needed for us to train at least 1200 low-income entrepreneurs in rural New Hampshire, helping them acquire the computer skills they need to create sustainable local businesses as we enter the twenty-first century. As elsewhere in the U. S. , the economic health of New Hampshire’s rural communities has suffered steady decline since the early 1900’s. Family farms, which once formed an economic base supporting large numbers of rural inhabitants, have been all but eradicated by large-scale agribusiness. Moreover, since 1960, New Hampshire has lost xx% of its manufacturing jobs, as corporations or local factories have shut down or moved operations out of state. As a result, many thousands of individuals from New Hampshire — particularly our young people — are moving to cities to seek jobs, not only depopulating and further impoverishing rural communities, but contributing to the growing pool of urban unemployed. By tapping the energy of the small local entrepreneur, and linking it to the explosion in communications technologies, we believe it is possible to reverse this trend, enabling rural inhabitants to retain viable, high-quality jobs far from industrial and urban centers. Small towns would again offer a wide spectrum of employment opportunities — from small manufacturing to services to retail — and develop sound, diversified economies for the first time in generations. Unfortunately, many small entrepreneurs cannot afford either the training or equipment needed to participate in the rewards of the Information Revolution. Enterprise 2000 was designed explicitly to address this lack of parity, and help level the communications playing field. Working in collaboration with microenterprise organizations, community colleges, and agencies which recycle computer hardware, Enterprise 2000 will offer disadvantaged entrepreneurs the following services at low or no charge: †¢Day-time or evening classes in basic, intermediate, and advanced computer skills †¢Training to use the Internet and other information networks †¢Assessment of MIS needs Access to reconditioned computer hardware After two years of experimentation and program development, the Virtual Community Group has fashioned a superb, easily replicable model in Enterprise 2000, and established a high degree of credibility among community groups, policy makers, and funders. Our collaboration with other agencies leverages every dollar invested. Given that the Xavier Foundation has already made a number of strategic investments to improve the lives of the rural poor, we are calling on you to help us advance our joint objective one step further. I appreciate your consideration of this proposal. Please feel free to call me if you have questions or would like us to arrange a site visit. I look forward to meeting with you soon. Sincerely, Executive Director (This sample cover letter was created for AGM by Molly Clark Associates. ) How to cite Proposal Submission Letter, Essay examples

As I Sat Across From My Boss At Work The Other Day, A Flourish Of Hot Essay Example For Students

As I Sat Across From My Boss At Work The Other Day, A Flourish Of Hot Essay air and smoke struck my face. The toxic smoke came from his stained mouth. The fumes from the cigarette he was smoking gagged me, forcing me to cough up the disgusting gas. Yet, I said nothing to him and acted as if it didnt bother me. I then realized how this happens far too often. Americans must not condone smoking by not saying anything, but take responsibility for their health and the health of others. People must convince walking smokestacks to quit this rude, and foul habit of smoking. The cost that smoking has on society far outreaches the $2.59 that people pay for a pack of cigarettes. It is estimated that each year over 100 billion dollars is lost to smoking on everything from lost productivity of smokers, to the wasted money on cartons of Marlbros. The cost of insurance also is increased because of smoking. Life insurance for a smoker is double that of nonsmokers, but it is also increased for non-smokers because of the effects of second hand smoke. Cigarettes are the second most advertised product on the market. Almost four billion dollars is spent on the promotion of the sales of cigarettes. This money could be used for a more valuable cause like cancer research or conservation of rain forests. Instead its wasted on the promotion of a product that hurts the user as well as everyone associated with them. The business industry also feels the effects of smoking. Factories and corporations alike must build ventilated smoking areas for smokers to take a cigarette break. They then must build a non-smoking lounge so nonsmokers dont have to ingest the horrid vapors. Companies must also make up for lost work when the smokers are absent. The average smoker will miss six and half more days than a nonsmoker. This forces healthy nonsmoking workers to pick-up the slack for the coughing, infected smokers. Business owners should not put up with smokers missing days and taking cigarettes breaks. They shouldnt endorse their addiction, but help them to quit this nasty addiction by setting up rehabilitation sessions. Smoking not only effects the person who is inhaling, but everybody around them. Aside from turning the pink flourishing lungs of a smoker dismal black, the second hand smoke scars the lungs of innocent bystanders. Second hand smoke is extremely harmful to both adults and children. Each year over 3000 people die due to the toxic second hand smoke. Children are probably most effected by the exhaled soot. There are over 4000 different chemicals that are pushed into the atmosphere for every puff taken. These deadly chemicals can be inhaled by helpless kids going about their childhood. That is why each year 225,000 infants and small children go to the hospital with respiratory tract infections due to second hand smoke. We shouldnt put up with smokers who pollute childrens clean air. Americans have always made excuses for smokers, saying theyre hooked and deserve special rights. Nonsmokers should speak out against smokers that hurt our country. Everybody has the right to breath clean, fres h air, without running the risk of hurting themselves.The putrid gas omitted by cigarette smoke doesnt only hinder the smokers health, but everybodys health.Society must convince smokers that its not worth the risk. Smoking isnt worth dying for.

Women Entrepreneurship- Challenges Opportunities free essay sample

Risk taking ability, Self-confidence, Decision making ability, Knowledge of cumin growing to harvesting technology, Economic motivation, Market orientation, Risk factors, Soil and firm condition of experiences, Water resources, Water quality and volumes, need to cumin for all technical factors, Ability of co-ordination to cumin related activities, Achievement, Motivation, etc. indicators are behavior of entrepreneurial. Entrepreneurship has gained greater significance at global level under changing economic scenario. Global economy in general and Indian economy in particular is poised for accelerated growth driven by entrepreneurship. Admits environment of super mall culture we find plenty of scope for entrepreneurship in trading and manufacturing. An entrepreneur is a person who is able to look at the environment, identify opportunities to improve the environmental resources and implement action to maximize those opportunities (Robert E. Nelson) it is important to bear in mind the entrepreneurial skills that will be needed to improve the quality of life for individuals, families and communities and to sustain a healthy economy and environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Entrepreneurship- Challenges Opportunities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Taking this into consideration, we will find that each of the traditional definitions has its own weakness (Tyson, Petrin, Rogers, 1994, p. 4). The first definition leaves little room for innovations that are not on the technological or organizational cutting edge, such as, adaptation of older technologies to a developing-country context, or entering into export markets already tapped by other firms. Defining entrepreneurship as risk-taking neglects other major elements of what we usually think of as entrepreneurship, such as a well-developed ability to recognize unexploited market opportunities. Entrepreneurship as a stabilizing force limits entrepreneurship to reading markets disequilibria, while entrepreneurship defined as owning and operating a business, denies the possibility of entrepreneurial behavior by non-owners, employees and managers who have no equity stake in the business. Therefore, the most appropriate definition of entrepreneurship that would fit into the rural development context, argued here, is the broader one, the one which defines entrepreneurship as: a force that mobilizes other resources to meet unmet market demand, the ability to create and build something from practically nothing, the process of creating value by pulling together a unique package of resources to exploit an opportunity. It combines definitions of entrepreneurship by Jones and Sakong, 1980; Timmons, 1989; Stevenson, et al. 1985. Entrepreneurship so defined, pertains to any new organization of productive factors and not exclusively to innovations that are on the technological or organizational cutting edge, it pertains to entrepreneurial activities both within and outside the organization. Entrepreneurship need not involve anything new from a global or even national perspective, but rather the adoption of new forms of business organizations, new technologies and new enterprise s producing goods not previously available at a location (Petrin, 1991). This is why entrepreneurship is considered to be a prime mover in development and why nations, regions and communities that actively promote entrepreneurship development, demonstrate much higher growth rates and consequently higher levels of development than nations, regions and communities whose institutions, politics and culture hinder entrepreneurship. An entrepreneurial economy, whether on the national, regional or community level, differs significantly from a non-entrepreneurial economy in many respects, not only by its economic structure and its economic vigorousness, but also by the social vitality and quality of life which it offers with a consequent attractiveness to people. Economic structure is very dynamic and extremely competitive due to the rapid creation of new firms and the exit of old stagnant and declining firms Redefining entrepreneurship and innovation Succeeding as an entrepreneur and an innovator in today’s world is vastly different from what it was earlier. Organizations will face seven trends in the next decade as they flight to survive, grow and remain competitive. Speed and uncertainty will prevail. Technology will continue to disrupt and enable. Demographics will dictate much of what happens in business. Loyalty will erode. Work will be done anywhere, anytime. Employment as we know it will disappear. Women Entrepreneur: Women entrepreneurs have been making a significant impact in all segments of the economy in India, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Australia and the United States. The areas chosen by women are retail trade, restaurants, hotels, education, cultural, cleaning, insurance and manufacturing The New Thrust suggests following two factors pulling or pushing women in an entrepreneurship Factors leading women to be an entrepreneur:Women entrepreneurs choose a Women takes up business enterprises to Profession as a challenge and an get over financial difficulties and respond- adventure with an urge to do some visibility is thrust on them due to family -thing new, liking for business and circumstances. to have an independent occupation. With the spread of education and new approaches/awareness, women entrepreneurs are achieving higher level of 3E’s, namely: (i) Engineering (ii) Electronics (iii) Energy. Though we should not forget certain Psycho-Social Barriers which hinders the growth of women entrepreneurs. Opportunities : Free entry into world trade. Improved risk taking ability. Governments of nations withdrawn some restrictions Technology and inventions spread into the world. Encouragement to innovations and inventions. Promotion of healthy completions among nations Consideration increase in government assistance for international trade. Establishment of other national and international institutes to support business among nations of the world. Benefits of specialization. Social and cultural development Challenges: Problems of raising equity capital Difficulty in borrowing fund. T hought-cut completions endangered existence of small companies. Problems of availing raw-materials. Problems of obsolescence of indigenous technology Increased pollutions Ecological imbalanced. Problems of TRIPS and TRIMS. Exploitation of small and poor countries, etc. Suggestions Govt. should provide separate financial fund of women’s entrepreneur. We should provide her special infrastructure facilities what ever she deeds. Govt. should arrange special training programmes of women entrepreneurship Govt. should felicitated top ranker women’s entrepreneur. Women entrepreneur should more competitive and efficient in the local international market. Use should invite successful women entrepreneurs from foreign countries. Women Entrepreneurship in India Out of total 940. 8 million people in India, in the 1990s, females comprise 437. 10 million representing 46. 5 percent of the total population. There are 126. 48 million women workforce but as per the 1991 census, only 1, 85,900 women accounting for only 4. 5 per cent of the total self-employed persons in the country were recorded. As per a rough estimate the number of SSIs are expected to be2. 5 billion having 9% women entrepreneurs in to it. Considering this trend, women participation in another five years was 20 % more, raising the number of women entrepreneurs to about 5, 00,000. Combined effect of motivational drive, preparation of information material, conducting training, creation of women industrial estates, and training of promoters and use of mass media all together is bound to accelerate the process of women entrepreneurship development. Some psycho-social factors impede the growth of women entrepreneurs are as follows: Poor self-image of women Inadequate motivation Discriminating treatment Faulty socialization Role conflict Cultural values Lack of courage and self-confidence Inadequate encouragement Lack of social acceptance Unjust social, economic and cultural system Lack of freedom of expression Afraid of failures and criticism Susceptible to negative attitude Low dignity of labour What New Awareness has to say about it? The new Industrial Policy of the Government of India has specially highlighted the need for special entrepreneurship programmes for women entrepreneurs in the nature of product-process oriented courses – to enable them to start small-scale industries. A majority of women entrepreneurs are from the middle class families who have low technical education, less family responsibilities but desire to become entrepreneurs. This potential should be identified and tapped. Rural Entrepreneur Succeeding as an entrepreneur and an innovator in today’s world is vastly different from what it was earlier. Besides the existing generation of entrepreneurship also is passing through the transition period. They experience financial resource limitation to promote or to develop a venture and there is also look of research and innovation to meat with marketing challenges. Indian rural economy is also experiencing behavior of entrepreneurial. Aim of most farmers is to earn profits from farming as from any other business, if he determines the objectives. A farm business necessary requires deliberate decision and proper investment, after assessing risk and available resources to maximize profit. There for entrepreneurship is not simply adoption of new activity but it is transformation of a person from traditional of modern India is known as â€Å"Home spices† and is in fact the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices in the world. Though, cumin cultivation requires more inputs and production prices are high but last two years monetary output is uncertain. It is also sensitive crop to many disease, pest and also highly risky crop considering natural hazards, as well as the day to day fluctuating wholesale price index. Organizations will face seven trends in the next decade as they flight to survive, grow and remain competitive. Speed and uncertainty will prevail. Technology will continue to disrupt and enable. Demographics will dictate much of what happens in business. Loyalty will erode. Work will be done anywhere, anytime. Employment as we know it will disappear. Opportunities For rural Entrepreneurs. Crashed Scheme for Rural Development Food for Work Programme National Rural Employment Programme Regional Rural Development Centers Entrepreneurship Development institute of India Bank of Technology Rural Innovation Funding Social Rural Entrepreneurship. Challenges For Rural Entrepreneurs Growth of Mall Culture Poor Assistance Power Failure Lack of Technical know how Capacity Utilization Infrastructure Sickness Present Entrepreneurial Scenario Mr. Ratan Tata had clearly articulated to us his ‘vision’ for Tata Motors. The company has very successfully launched its passenger cars- ‘Indica’ and ‘Indigo’ and recently in January’ 2008 they have set a benchmark in the history of four-wheeler industry all around the globe by offering their masterpiece ‘NANO’ to be the world’s cheapest car worth 1 Lac rupees only. The company has also taken over the business of Corus, a giant in the steel industry. Vijay Mallya and talk of innovation, to hit the Indian market. Vijay Mallya’s mission was to create brand Kingfisher as a generic brand for lifestyle. There happened to be some sort of compatibility between the way he lived his life and the brand image that he was thinking to create. One of the key ingredients of innovation is to simply be yourself. He did the restructuring process of United Breweries without any sense of embarrassment. We are all sometimes stymied, curbed and limited by ourselves. Philips, Sony, Honda, Ford provide the signposts of entrepreneurship today for all to emulate. Some of these have come up only in recent years and from small beginnings. In India, too, one sees glimpses of such entrepreneurship. ICICI’s experience tells a great deal about entrepreneurship – good as well as not so good. Following Indian firms will keep on dominating the corporate world in the future too — Tata Steel Motors Indian Oil Corporation Reliance industries Infosys Technologies Moser Baer Bharti Tele-ventures Twaalfhoven and Indivers (1993, pp. 3-4), they are run by dynamic entrepreneurs, who manage and lead their companies not only to remain in the business but to expand it. Dynamic entrepreneurs look for growth, they do not have only a vision but are also capable of making it happen. They think and act globally, look for expansion, rely on external resources, seek professional advice or they work with professional teams. They challenge competitors instead of avoiding them and take and share risks in a way that leads to success. In this way economic vitality of a country largely depends on the overall level of entrepreneurial capacity, i. e. , on its ability to create rapidly growing companies Summary The entrepreneurs provide a magical touch to an organization, whether in public or private or joint sector, in achieving speed, flexibility, innovativeness, and a strong sense of self-determination. They bring a new vision to the forefront of economic growth.

System I designed in order to produce a promotion package for her newly formed company selling music CDs Essays

System I designed in order to produce a promotion package for her newly formed company selling music CDs Essays System I designed in order to produce a promotion package for her newly formed company selling music CDs Essay System I designed in order to produce a promotion package for her newly formed company selling music CDs Essay My friend was impressed with the system I designed in order to produce a promotion package for her newly formed company selling music CDs. The business has expanded rapidly with the large number of music CD titles in stock and has many regular customers. She would also like to develop a mail order service within the business. All the information at the moment is kept on paper based records and she is finding it difficult to locate information due to the increasing volume of sales in the business. My friend has been advised to convert her records onto a computer-based system and was given a floppy disk to containing sample data on current music titles available on CD to start her off. She has no idea how to access this information and has commissioned me to evaluate this data and devise a system that will allow her to keep her records of music CDs in stock, and customers for the mail order section of the company. My system will include: * Data capture sheets for CD data and customer details * Collection and input of data * Evidence that I have chosen a data-handling package and constructed a database. * * Presentation of the results in the form of printouts demonstrating the information which can be obtained from searching * A comprehensive User Guide so that my friend and her employees can use the system * An explanation of what has been done at every stage of my work, giving details of the software used and how it enabled me to create and develop my work. My work will be presented in five labelled sections as shown below: * Analysis * Design * Implementation * Testing * Evaluation My work will be secured in a plastic folder with a front sheet, which includes the following details: * A bold large heading; * A sub heading; * A graphic; * My name; * My centre number * My candidate number My work will also include a contents page so it is easier to examine my work and all pages will be numbered. Candidate No.- 6071 Centre No.- 20860 Action Plan The following is a list of jobs I need to do in order of priority: 28/9/00 Look at databases: identify weaknesses 30/9/00 Read through booklet carefully so I understand the task set 3/10/00 Write a statement giving details of the task 5/10/00 Arrange task criteria 7/10/00 Gather information about the task (How do other mail order companies and retail businesses store and process their data.) 9/10/00 Find out, and analyse the views of, potential users of mail order services and CD shops 11/10/00 Use an analysis of my completed questionnaires etc justify my design specification. This should include statements about structure, ease of use, quality of user documentation, types of output and presentation 13/10/00 Make a statement giving reasons which hardware and software is required for my system to run effectively 14/10/00 Check through Analysis section 15/10/00 Start Design section and examine and evaluate alternative methods of creating my system and explain what changes will be required based on my research evidence 17/10/00 Produce two or three database structures and explain strengths and weaknesses 19/10/00 Choose design that is most suitable and explain the decision 21/10/00 Explain how the hardware and software available influenced the design 23/10/00 Obtain views of potential users of my system using feedback to improve my system 25/10/00 Prepare data collection sheets and enter a suitable sample by hand 27/10/00 Produce database as detailed in design specification 29/10/00 Produce user guide for client 1/11/00 1st Submission date. Research completed and data files created with evidence of testing 3/11/00 Explain why I used the specific software and produce user guide for users explaining what the system can do 4/11/00 Check through Implementation section 5/11/00 Start Testing. Investigate verification and validation techniques and produce a testing plan 7/11/00 Check results of data entry correcting any errors and show any improvements made prior to this. 9/11/00 Create table to show how different parts of the system were tested, with evidence 11/11/00 Produce a series of simple and complex searches to demonstrate what the system can do. 13/11/00 Describe changes made as a result of testing, with evidence 14/11/00 Check through Testing section 15/11/00 Start Evaluation section. Explain reasons for software use giving clear features 17/11/00 Analyse the results of my searches and compare with the original stated requirements of the files 19/11/00 Include comments from third party about the viability of my new system and explain the changes made as a result of those comments 21/11/00 Compare design I have produced with original design specification. 22/11/00 Double check through entire coursework to make sure nothing is missing 24/11/00 Final Submission date. Hand in coursework Design I used Microsoft Access to create my database design structures. I followed the wizard and created four database design structures. I also explained and criticised each one. I then chose the best database design structure that I thought was most suitable to the task. Finally I printed all the structures on a Lexmark Z31 color jetprinter. Contents 1. Analysis Page 3 2. Design Page 18 3. Implementation Page 31 4. Testing Page 61 5. Evaluation Page 68 Questionnaire Analysis I recently visited the Virgin Megastore and MVC in Walsall with a couple of friends and interviewed both managers. We got them to fill the client questionnaires in that we designed together. We did this because we knew that both managers would be very busy so we designed it together to speed the process up and to have ideas on alternative methods of creating the system and database design structures. We found out that both companies are potential users of mail order and both agree that it is very reliable to store and process their data by using the system and agree that the system is not completely perfect as some errors do occur once in a while. The cost of mail order depends on how many products are purchased. Both use database and word-processing to store and process their data respectively. The mail order service is for any age group and both companies have a wide variety of music CDs available for the users of the system. Virgin Megastore uses the Internet mainly for their systems but both head offices decide the hardware and software that the companies use for their systems to run effectively. Their opinions on mail order are that it is very easy to use and that it is reliable enough, as they have been using the system for years. We were told that you get what you want out of mail order and we were given Virgins website to find out more information on mail order: [emailprotected] We got both managers to sign our questionnaires as evidence that we visited the companies. I also did a customer questionnaire to find out the views of the public and customers. I got many people to fill my customer questionnaire in and left a copy inside my folder to show an example of what it looked like after a member of the public filled it in. I found that Pop music was the most popular with people and classical the least popular. Most people would pay between à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10-15 for a music CD. This is because the best CDs are highly priced therefore most customers are prepared to take that risk and spend over the limit just to get the latest music. Very few people order their music of the Internet because not all people are connected to the Internet and the people who are think that the system is unreliable. Virgin Megastore is the most popular music store as it has many customers and WH Smith has the least amount of customers who buy music from the shop. Most people I did a survey upon were between the 10-20-age category. Now that I have analysed my questionnaire, I will justify my design specification. Design Specification The following shows details about the design structures, ease of use, quality of user documentation, types of output and presentation. I will show this by doing the following: * Do printouts to show an exploration of data in a computer database to obtain specific information. * Do printouts that I have thoroughly checked and edited the databases. (I.e., correct errors, add and delete records, fields). * Show my data collection methods suitable for the printouts and other output that I may require. * Do printouts showing simple and complex searches for specific information. * Show evidence that I have chosen a data handling package and constructed a database. * Write an explanation of what has been done at every stage of my work, giving details of the software used and how it has enabled me to create and develop my work. Candidate No.- 6071 Centre No.- 20860 Data File I obtained my data using my data collection sheets and entered by hand a suitable sample. I received feedback from my family, friends and relatives. I later typed the data up in Microsoft Access. The table is shown below: Customer ID Last Name First Name Gender Birthdate Place of Birth 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Data File Below is the data that I typed up in Microsoft Access: Customer ID Last Name First Name Gender Birthdate Place of birth 1 BASRA SUKHPINDER M 10/05/85 WALSALL 2 SANOBAR MANSOOR M 27/12/84 WALSALL 3 HUSSAIN AKHTAR M 06/03/85 WALSALL 4 GANI BODRUL M 14/01/85 WALSALL 5 BHANGAL HARPREET M 04/12/84 WALSALL 6 AHMED NABEEL M 16/11/84 KASHMIR 7 UDDIN AZIR M 24/10/84 WALSALL 8 BOULTON KERRY F 29/11/84 WALSALL 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 10 AZIZ ARZOO F 18/01/85 WALSALL 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL 12 MANN HARBAJAN M 11/04/65 GLASGOW 13 GINOLA DAVID M 03/05/68 TOTTENHAM 14 DEL PIERO ALESSANDRO M 10/11/75 ROME 15 BATISTUTA GABRIEL M 02/04/69 ROME 16 KLINSMANN JURGEN M 25/12/67 MUNICH 17 REBROV SERGEI M 12/12/75 WALSALL 18 ARMSTRONG CHRIS M 03/04/71 TOTTENHAM 19 CAMPBELL SOL M 04/12/74 TOTTENHAM 20 ANDERTON DARREN M 26/10/71 TOTTENHAM 21 VIERI CHRISTIAN M 04/03/74 MILAN 22 CARR STEVEN M 27/05/77 TOTTENHAM 23 LES FERDINAND M 03/01/67 TOTTENHAM 24 GAREWAL MANDEEP M 17/08/84 WALSALL 25 AFZAL IRFAN M 12/09/84 WALSALL 26 MICHAELS SHAWN M 21/07/67 NEW YORK 27 AUSTIN STEVE M 07/06/85 TEXAS 28 NAGVI ASADULLAH F 10/06/85 WALSALL 29 SINGH PIARA F 01/01/39 SLOUGH 30 CUBRA ROGER M 04/07/59 HALIFAX Data File 1 The data file below is very useful because the customer names are in ascending order by their first name, which makes it easier for the user to find a specific person. Customer ID Last Name First Name Gender Birthdate Place of birth 3 HUSSAIN AKHTAR M 06/03/85 WALSALL 14 DEL PIERO ALESSANDRO M 10/11/75 ROME 10 AZIZ ARZOO F 18/01/85 WALSALL 28 NAGVI ASADULLAH F 10/06/85 WALSALL 7 UDDIN AZIR M 24/10/84 WALSALL 4 GANI BODRUL M 14/01/85 WALSALL 18 ARMSTRONG CHRIS M 03/04/71 TOTTENHAM 21 VIERI CHRISTIAN M 04/03/74 MILAN 20 ANDERTON DARREN M 26/10/71 TOTTENHAM 13 GINOLA DAVID M 03/05/68 TOTTENHAM 23 LES FERDINAND M 03/01/67 TOTTENHAM 15 BATISTUTA GABRIEL M 02/04/69 ROME 12 MANN HARBAJAN M 11/04/65 GLASGOW 5 BHANGAL HARPREET M 04/12/84 WALSALL 25 AFZAL IRFAN M 12/09/84 WALSALL 16 KLINSMANN JURGEN M 25/12/67 MUNICH 8 BOULTON KERRY F 29/11/84 WALSALL 24 GAREWAL MANDEEP M 17/08/84 WALSALL 2 SANOBAR MANSOOR M 27/12/84 WALSALL 6 AHMED NABEEL M 16/11/84 KASHMIR 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL 29 SINGH PIARA F 01/01/39 SLOUGH 30 CUBRA ROGER M 04/07/59 HALIFAX 17 REBROV SERGEI M 12/12/75 WALSALL 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 26 MICHAELS SHAWN M 21/07/67 NEW YORK 19 CAMPBELL SOL M 04/12/74 TOTTENHAM 27 AUSTIN STEVE M 07/06/85 TEXAS 22 CARR STEVEN M 27/05/77 TOTTENHAM 1 BASRA SUKHPINDER M 10/05/85 WALSALL Data File 2 The data file below is in ascending order by the place of birth. It is not very useful because many customers are from the same birthplace so it would be difficult for the user to search a customers record. Customer ID Last Name First Name Gender Birthdate Place of birth 12 MANN HARBAJAN M 11/04/65 GLASGOW 30 CUBRA ROGER M 04/07/59 HALIFAX 6 AHMED NABEEL M 16/11/84 KASHMIR 21 VIERI CHRISTIAN M 04/03/74 MILAN 16 KLINSMANN JURGEN M 25/12/67 MUNICH 26 MICHAELS SHAWN M 21/07/67 NEW YORK 15 BATISTUTA GABRIEL M 02/04/69 ROME 14 DEL PIERO ALESSANDRO M 10/11/75 ROME 29 SINGH PIARA F 01/01/39 SLOUGH 27 AUSTIN STEVE M 07/06/85 TEXAS 13 GINOLA DAVID M 03/05/68 TOTTENHAM 22 CARR STEVEN M 27/05/77 TOTTENHAM 20 ANDERTON DARREN M 26/10/71 TOTTENHAM 19 CAMPBELL SOL M 04/12/74 TOTTENHAM 18 ARMSTRONG CHRIS M 03/04/71 TOTTENHAM 23 LES FERDINAND M 03/01/67 TOTTENHAM 2 SANOBAR MANSOOR M 27/12/84 WALSALL 3 HUSSAIN AKHTAR M 06/03/85 WALSALL 4 GANI BODRUL M 14/01/85 WALSALL 5 BHANGAL HARPREET M 04/12/84 WALSALL 7 UDDIN AZIR M 24/10/84 WALSALL 8 BOULTON KERRY F 29/11/84 WALSALL 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 10 AZIZ ARZOO F 18/01/85 WALSALL 28 NAGVI ASADULLAH F 10/06/85 WALSALL 1 BASRA SUKHPINDER M 10/05/85 WALSALL 25 AFZAL IRFAN M 12/09/84 WALSALL 17 REBROV SERGEI M 12/12/75 WALSALL 24 GAREWAL MANDEEP M 17/08/84 WALSALL 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL Data File 3 The data file is in ascending order by the customers date of birth. As you can see it is very useful because it shows the date of birth from the oldest to the youngest person in order, the way the customer pays and their address which makes it relatively easy for the user of the system. All the user has to do is to type in a birthdate using the search to find the customers age. Customer ID Last Name First Name Gender Birthdate Place of birth Address Pay by 1 BASRA SUKHPINDER M 10/05/85 WALSALL 27 Willoherb Close Cash 2 SANOBAR MANSOOR M 27/12/84 WALSALL 24 Lord Street Cash 3 HUSSAIN AKHTAR M 06/03/85 WALSALL 12 Maple Drive Cash 4 GANI BODRUL M 14/01/85 WALSALL 123 Broadway West Cash 5 BHANGAL HARPREET M 04/12/84 WALSALL 2 Poppy Drive Cash 6 AHMED NABEEL M 16/11/84 KASHMIR 15 Tarsemir Close Cash 7 UDDIN AZIR M 24/10/84 WALSALL 5 Milton Street Cash 8 BOULTON KERRY F 29/11/84 WALSALL 17 Bell Lane Cash 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 69 Milton Street Cash 10 AZIZ ARZOO F 18/01/85 WALSALL 33 Caldmore Road Cash 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL 44 Milton Street Cash 12 MANN HARBAJAN M 11/04/65 GLASGOW 27 Rosehip Close Cheque 13 GINOLA DAVID M 03/05/68 TOTTENHAM 77 Park Lane Cheque 14 DEL PIERO ALESSANDRO M 10/11/75 ROME 17 Honeysuckle Drive Visa 15 BATISTUTA GABRIEL M 02/04/69 ROME 19 Santi Bernabeau Cheque 16 KLINSMANN JURGEN M 25/12/67 MUNICH 64 Stadio Olimpico Visa 17 REBROV SERGEI M 12/12/75 WALSALL 24 White Hart Lane Cheque 18 ARMSTRONG CHRIS M 03/04/71 TOTTENHAM 9 Bow Street Cash 19 CAMPBELL SOL M 04/12/74 TOTTENHAM 67 White Hart Lane Cash 20 ANDERTON DARREN M 26/10/71 TOTTENHAM 34 Trafalgar Square Cheque 21 VIERI CHRISTIAN M 04/03/74 MILAN 21 Las Palmas Visa 22 CARR STEVEN M 27/05/77 TOTTENHAM 7 Oxford Street Visa 23 LES FERDINAND M 03/01/67 TOTTENHAM 137 Broadway West Visa 24 GAREWAL MANDEEP M 17/08/84 WALSALL 56 West Bromwich Road Cash 25 AFZAL IRFAN M 12/09/84 WALSALL 121 Newman Street Cash 26 MICHAELS SHAWN M 21/07/67 NEW YORK 97 HBK Merchandise Cheque 27 AUSTIN STEVE M 07/06/85 TEXAS 44 Rattlesnake Willows Cheque 28 NAGVI ASADULLAH F 10/06/85 WALSALL 27 West Bromwich Road Cash 29 SINGH PIARA F 01/01/39 SLOUGH 4 Poppy Drive Cheque 30 CUBRA ROGER M 04/07/59 HALIFAX 23 Lord Street Visa Best Data File I think my third data file was the best because it is the easiest and quickest way for the user to locate a customer. All the user has to do is type in a birth date and it will give a list of birthdates. This depends if the user uses AND, OR, LIKE or NOT in their search. They can also do this to find the customer address or the way in which the customer wants to pay. I rejected my second data file because if the user used AND, OR or LIKE I their search, there would be a big list say if the user chose to search by Walsall or Tottenham so it would take longer for the user to access a specific customers data. I rejected my first data file because if say the user of the system typed in Chris in their search then Christian would also come up too because Chris is the first part of Christian. This suggests that the data file is not very reliable to the user. Changes to the system After examining and evaluating alternative methods of creating my system I have made a few changes to my databases. I looked at the original data given to me and wrote down the things that I needed to change. Here are some of the things I need to do/change to the database: * Create a data structure that holds record information * Create a database structure that holds customer information * Add a few extra fields * Change the layout of the page slightly * Update the information to the modern day. CD Sample This is a bad database. It has only four fields and does not tell you any details of the potential user or how many CDs are in stock. The data is placed in any order so it is difficult for the user to find the Title of the CD or CDs they want to order. Also the prices are not in ascending order so the user has to look carefully whether the CD is in their price range or not. Older users of the system tend to like older music and the Year of release is not in ascending order so it is hard for the older user to locate the era in which the CD was produced. How the Hardware and Software I used influenced me to my design The hardware I used influenced me very much. I used a printer, which printed all my database design structures and data collection sheets very quickly. I printed all the structures on a Lexmark Z31 color jetprinter. I also used a photocopier to copy my data collection sheets and for my questionnaires. Record Information Design Structure Design View Datasheet View Artist Title Year Price Quantity A1 Take me on 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10.00 3 Architechs Body Groove 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7.00 8 Bon Jovi Crush 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 5 Bon Jovi Its my life 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 16 Britney Spears Oops I did it again! 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8.00 2 Craig David 7 Days 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10.00 7 Craig David Fill me in 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 9 Eminem The Marshall Mathers 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 10 Eminem The way I am 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10.00 15 Five Invincible 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 5 Madonna Music 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15.00 8 Mel C I turn to you 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7.00 4 Richard Blackwood 1234 Get with the wicked 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8.00 4 Robbie Williams Rock DJ 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.00 13 Ronan Keating Ronan 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6.00 9 S Club 7 Reach 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 3 SNOOP D.D. FEAT. DR DRE ITS A G THING 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9.00 1 Spice Girls Holler 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 11 Various Artists Gatecrasher: global sound system 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15.00 6 Various Artists Fresh Hits 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12.00 3 Various Artists Now thats what I call music! 46 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12.00 8 Whitney Houston Greatest Hits 1999 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12.00 2 Wyclef Jean It doesnt matter 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10.00 7 Design Structure 2 Design View Datasheet View Design Structure 3 Design View Datasheet View Record Information Design Structure 1 This is a better database design structure because it includes the quantity of CDs left in stock and the Title is in ascending order, which is easier for the user to find the CD that they are specifically looking for. Design Structure 2 This is a good database design structure because it has two extra fields. These are the customer ID number and the highest entry of the CD. This is therefore a lot easier for the user to access the database. Design Structure 3 This is the best database design structure for the record information out of the lot because the price is in ascending order so it will satisfy all users, especially the users that only buy CDs at a certain price. Customer Information Structure 1 Design View Datasheet View Structure 2 Design View Datasheet View Structure 3 Design View Datasheet View Customer Information Structure 1 This is not the best database design structure because it doesnt tell you all the information about the potential user. It doesnt include things like the telephone number in case the company needs to get in touch with the user of the system. Structure 2 This database design structure is slightly better because it gives you a bit more information about the potential user. It gives the system users telephone number in case the company needs to get in touch in the case of a problem. Structure 3 This is by far the best design structure as it tells you a lot of details about the potential user. It gives their ID number, name, address, age, gender, telephone number and what way they would like to pay; either by Visa, cheque or case. Influences of Hardware and Software available The software I chose did not help as much as I expected it too much. Microsoft Word is mainly to do with typing text and cant produce a table like the ones in Microsoft Access. However, Microsoft Access and the Internet were very useful to me. Access helped me quite a lot because the program has wizards, which helped me create the structures. It was also easy to do datasheets because the software is very good at guiding you through the processes. I used the Internet to find relevant information, including data structures and layouts of them. The hardware I used helped me very much. I used a printer to print my structures off and a photocopier to scan my questionnaires. These influenced me very much because they were easy to use. The records above are a database for the number of music CDs in stock. I had taken into account the views of potential users of my system and decided to leave the database how it is, keeping the price of the CDs in ascending order (from cheapest to most expensive) as it easy for the user to find a specific search price. Access 2000 System Requirements Here are the system requirements to run Microsoft Access 2000: * PC with a Pentium 75 megahertz (MHz) or higher processor * Microsoft Windows(r) 95 or later operating system, or Microsoft Windows NT(r) Workstation operating system version 4.0 Service Pack 3 or later * For Windows 95 or Windows 98: 16 megabytes (MB) of RAM for the operating system, plus an additional 8 MB of RAM for Access * For Windows NT Workstation: 32 MB of RAM for the operating system, plus an additional 8 MB of RAM for Access * 161 MB of available hard-disk space (Number indicates typical installation; your hard-disk usage will vary depending on configuration. Choices made during custom installation may require more or less hard-disk space.) * CD-ROM drive * VGA or higher-resolution monitor; Super VGA recommended * Microsoft Mouse, Microsoft Intellimouse, or compatible pointing device Additional items or services required to use certain features: * 9600 baud modem; 14,400 or higher-baud modem recommended * Multimedia computer required to access sound and other multimedia effects * Microsoft Outlook 2000 or Microsoft Outlook Express 5.0 or later required to run Office E-mail * 8 MB of additional memory required to run Office E-mail * Some Internet functionality may require Internet access and payment of a separate fee to a service provider Troubleshooting guide for Microsoft Access A database will not compact for any of the following reasons: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ You dont have enough storage space on your disk for both the original and compacted versions of the database. Delete any unneeded files and try again. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ You dont have Modify Design or Administer permission for all tables in the database. If you dont own this database, contact its owner to find out whether you can be given either of these permissions on all tables. If you own this database, you need to update your permissions for all tables. For more information on assigning permissions, click. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ If an object in a version 1.x database includes the backquote character (`) in its name, you wont be able to compact the database. Use Microsoft Access version 1.x to rename the object, and then change any references to it in your queries, forms, reports, macros, and code. Assign or remove permissions for a database and existing database objects 1 Open the database that contains the objects you want to secure. The workgroup information file in use when you log on must contain the user or group accounts you want to assign permissions for at this time; however, you can assign permissions to groups and add users to those groups later. 2 On the Tools menu, point to Security, and then click User and Group Permissions. 3 On the Permissions tab, click Users or Groups, and then click the user or group whose permissions you want to assign in the User/Group Name box. 4 Click the type of object in the Object Type box, and then click the name of the object to assign permissions for in the Object Name box. Tip You can select multiple objects in the Object Name box by dragging through the objects you want to select or by holding down CTRL and clicking the objects you want. 5 Under Permissions select the permissions you want to assign, or clear the permissions you want to remove for the group or user, and then click Apply. Repeat steps 4 and 5 to assign or remove permissions for additional objects for the current user or group. 6 Repeat steps 3 through 5 for any additional users or groups, and then click OK when you have finished. Important If you assign or remove permissions for Visual Basic code (forms, reports, or modules), those permissions will not take effect until the database is closed and reopened. Troubleshoot editing data in a field There are several kinds of fields in forms or datasheets that you cant edit. The following fields display values just as regular fields do, but if you try to enter data into them, nothing happens: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ AutoNumber fields. If a field has an AutoNumber data type, Microsoft Access automatically assigns the next consecutive number or unique random number to this field for each record you add. This type of field is often used as a record ID number or primary key. When you start adding a new record, Microsoft Access automatically fills in the fields value for you and you cant edit it. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Calculated fields. A Calculated field displays values that Microsoft Access calculates. They are usually based on other fields in your tables, but calculated fields are not stored in tables. You cant edit calculated fields. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Locked or disabled fields. If a control on a form has the Locked property set to Yes or the Enabled property set to No, you cant edit the data in the field. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fields in a locked record. If you use Microsoft Access in a multi-user environment and another user locks a record, you cant edit the data in the record. When you move to a locked record, the locked record indicator is displayed in the record selector. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fields in snapshots. While most queries return recordsets that you can edit, some queries return snapshots, which cant be edited. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Field in a read-only form or a locked database. If the form youre using has the AllowEdits property set to No or if the underlying data is read-only or locked by another person, you cant edit data in the form. Why did the size of my database increase significantly more than the size of the object I added? The amount of information used to represent an object is often greater than the size of the object itself. One way to work around this is to display an icon representing the object instead of the object itself in the form or report. When you display an icon, the OLE server (the application used to create the object) sends only the information needed to display the icon. When you double-click the icon, the OLE server is launched with the data that the icon represents. My picture becomes distorted when I size it. To keep a pictures proportions when you size it, use the Picture Size Mode property (for background pictures) or the Size Mode property (for bound object frames, unbound object frames, and image controls). If the picture is a bitmap, its best to use the Zoom setting rather than the Stretch setting. You should also consider using a metafile rather than a bitmap since you can size metafiles without causing distortions. For more guidance on any queries, click on help on the menu and click- on either Microsoft Access Help, Contents and index or Microsoft on the Web where you will receive expert on-line guidance. Troubleshooting guide for Microsoft Word I changed the fill, border, shadow, or 3-D effect, but when I create a drawing object, I get the old settings. The default style is being applied to the new drawing object. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To change the default settings for new drawing objects, select an object that has the attributes you want. On the Drawing toolbar, click Draw, and then click Set AutoShape Defaults. Prevent a table row from breaking across pages 1 Click the table. 2 On the Table menu, click Cell Height and Width, and then click the Row tab. 3 Clear the Allow row to break across pages. Word isnt automatically inserting my text or graphics. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To turn on AutoCorrect, click AutoCorrect on the Tools menu, and then make sure the Replace text as you type check box is selected. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ When you type an AutoCorrect name, make sure to precede it with a space and follow it with another space or a punctuation mark. How can I get data from another program into Word without starting the source program? By default, when you insert database information or attach it as a mail merge data source, Word uses DDE to read the data file. DDE automatically starts the source program (such as Microsoft Excel) and then opens the data file. If you dont want to start the source program, you can use ODBC or file converters instead of DDE to read the data file directly. To do this, insert the database information, or attach it as a mail merge data source as usual. In the Open Data Source dialog box, select the Select method check box before you click Open. Then, each time you insert database information or attach it as a mail merge data source, Word opens the Confirm Data Source dialog box so that you can click the ODBC driver or file converter you want. Text that I print looks different from text on the screen. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Word might be displaying text as draft fonts. On the Tools menu, click Options, and then click the View tab. Clear the Draft font check box. This option will be available only if you are in normal view. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Word might be printing a draft of your text. On the Tools menu, click Options, and then click the Print tab. Clear the Draft output check box. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The font in your document might not be available on the printer youre using. Change the font in your document to a TrueType font, or change the font to one that is available on your printer. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Animated text effects dont print. If text in your document is animated, it will print with the underlying text formatting 3/4 such as bold or italic 3/4 but the animated effects will not print. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The font in your document might be one that is available on your printer but that doesnt have a matching screen font. Windows substitutes a TrueType font to display the text on the screen. Try changing the font in your document to a TrueType font. When I try to save changes to a document, I get a message saying the document is read-only. You cant make changes to a read-only document. To save changes, you need to save the document with a new name. You can use the same name if you save the document in a new or different folder. My e-mail is very slow or not working correctly. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To use WordMail as your e-mail editor, you should have at least 12 megabytes of memory available. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Before using WordMail, close any Word dialog boxes that are open. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Programs that work in the background, such as virus-scanning programs, may slow down WordMail and Word in general. Use System Monitor 3/4 an optional Windows 95 accessory program 3/4 to see if you are running programs that slow down your computers performance and to see which program is using the highest percentage of processor time. Graphics dont appear when I print. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Make sure that youre not using the draft output option, which doesnt print graphics. On the Tools menu, click Options, and then click the Print tab. The Draft output check box should be cleared. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Make sure that youre not printing field codes for graphics youve linked from files created in other programs. On the Tools menu, click Options, and then click the Print tab. The Field codes check box should be cleared. Freehand drawing is hard to control. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Try increasing the magnification in the Zoom Control box. Its easier to draw details at 200 percent. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Use the Freeform button instead of the Scribble button. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Try setting your mouse to the slowest tracking speed available in Windows Control Panel. You have greater control when you draw at a slow speed. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ You can adjust the shape of freeform to make them look smoother. For more guidance on any queries, click on help on the menu and click- on either Microsoft Word Help, Contents and index or Microsoft on the Web where you will receive expert on-line advice. Troubleshooting guide for the Internet Finding the information you want You can find information on the Web in a variety of ways. * Click the Search button on the toolbar to gain access to a number of search providers. Type a word or phrase in the Search box. * Type go, find, or ? Followed by a word or phrase in the Address bar. Internet Explorer starts a search using its predetermined search provider. * After you go to a Web page, you can search for specific text on that page by clicking the Edit menu and then clicking Find. Note * If a Web address doesnt work, Internet Explorer asks if you want to search for similar Web addresses. You can change this setting so that Internet Explorer searches automatically without prompting. For more information, see Related Topics below. Protecting your identity over the Internet You can use a personal certificate to protect your identity over the Internet. A certificate is a statement guaranteeing the identity of a person or the security of a Web site. You can control the use of your own identity by having the private key that only you know on your own system. When used with mail programs, security certificates with private keys are also known as digital IDs. Internet Explorer uses two different types of certificates: * A personal certificate is a kind of guarantee that you are who you say you is. This information is used when you send personal information over the Internet to a Web site that requires a certificate verifying your identity. * A Web site certificate states that a specific Web site is secure and genuine. It ensures that no other Web site can assume the identity of the original secure site. Using accessibility features in Internet Explorer In addition to Microsoft Windows accessibility products and services, the following features make Internet Explorer more accessible for people with disabilities. Keyboard access All features in Internet Explorer are accessible to you by using the keyboard or the mouse. With Internet Explorer, you can explore the Web by using the keyboard. Just press TAB and SHIFT+TAB to move forward and backward between screen elements such as: * Links that are text or images * Hotspots on image maps * The Address bar * The menu bar * The Links bar * Frames For more information about keyboard access, see Internet Explorer shortcuts. Highlighting box As you move to or click a link or image, a thin border appears around it so you can see what is selected. Customise the font size, formatting, and colours You can specify the font sizes, styles and colours, and foreground and background colours of Web pages displayed on your computer screen, even if the author of the Web page has already specified these. You can also specify the colour used to indicate links in Web pages, or a special colour for links that is used only when the mouse passes over the link. This is useful if you have low vision, need larger fonts, or need high-contrast colours. You can set Internet Explorer to use the colours and fonts you specify, your default Windows colours and fonts, or the settings you specify in your own style sheet. For more information, see Changing fonts and background colours. Customise the toolbar You can customise the toolbar by adding or removing buttons, using small or large icons, and showing or hiding the text on the labels. Just right-click the toolbar and then click Customise. If you have low vision, you may want to add the Size button for quick access to the relative font size. If you are using a screen reader, you may want to select Small Icons in the Icon Options list and No text labels in the Text Options list to maximise the amount of screen space available for Web content. Advanced options that make Internet Explorer more accessible You can select or clear several options that may make Internet Explorer more accessible. To display these options, click the Tools menu, click Internet Options, and then click the advanced tab. * Use smooth scrolling and Enable page transitions If you use a screen magnification or screen reader program, you may want to clear these check boxes. If you use a voice recognition program, and you experience recognition errors during smooth scrolling and transitions, you may also want to clear these check boxes. * Show pictures If you have low vision, you may want to clear these check boxes to improve performance. If you are sensitive to screen flashing, you may also want to clear these check boxes. * Print background colours and images If you have low vision, you may want to clear this check box to improve print legibility. Advantages and Limitations of Software The software I used was Microsoft Word, Microsoft Access and the Internet. I used Word to criticise my three databases. Microsoft Access and the Internet were the most useful to me. I used Microsoft Access to create my tables using the Wizard for my databases. I used the Internet to find out information about the latest singles to download relevant information about prices of the CDs, the Artists and the structure of databases used in mail order companies. Advantages Microsoft Word * You can type up your data in this software using different formats of text * Copy and paste from other files * Checks any spelling errors * Gives a clear troubleshooting guide for new users Microsoft Access * Wizard for guidance of structuring techniques * Easy to do datasheets * Gives you the option of creating your database in design view or on the datasheet itself * Checks any spelling errors * Automatically stores created documents * East to change and update data Internet * Download relevant information of the web such as page layouts, data structures and modern day music * You can open a new window to see another search result with a click of a button * You can get feedback from companies via the web using the e-mail service. Limitations Microsoft Word * Cant create tables like Microsoft Access Microsoft Access * Cant type data up using different formats of text * Easy for data to be accidentally altered Internet * Downloading files can take time * Many spelling mistakes in downloaded work Verification and Validation Techniques The first stage is the database itself. This is where all the information (records) in the system are stored. It is important that a good understanding of the exact needs of the system is calculated, so that the database can be structured properly. I have used Microsoft Access to create the database for this system, because my system is based towards a small business environment. It is also widely available and widely used and is pretty simple to setup and manage. Microsoft Access is a relational database. This means that its structure is made up of tables, or entities. Each of these tables holds rows and columns of data. Each row is called a record or tuple, and each column is called an attribute. All the records in the table are in some way related to each other. The database required for the system contains two main categories: (1) A category that holds the record information (2) A category that holds a customer information. Both databases need fields that have to be unique, such as customer ID numbers. I set the database to handle this by auto generating the customer id number. This creates a new number all the time, in access the AutoNumber option is used for that field. Also in cases like phone numbers, this is selected so that you have to enter the number in the correct format. These are some of the verification and validation techniques that I used. Example the customer ID field is indexed, and does not allow any duplicates! How the system could have been improved or created in a more better way The system could have been created and have been linked directly to the Internet. So all the access to all the data by all users including customers could have been done on the Internet. This could be setup in a way where a programming language like Java is used to connect the Access database to the Internet. These kinds of internet/web databases follow the client server model. A database engine sits on some central computer somewhere and serves data to multiple clients, which are in the form of an Internet browser. Within this process, we also have a web server. This handles requests from the web browsers and then forwards them to the database. The web server then waits for the database to respond and then pass on that response to the waiting clients. In this way normal users of the database, such as the people that enter and process the orders and record information, would login using an ID and password, and they would be given access to the operations that they require. Whereas customers would log on to the Internet site, enter all the find and order the CDs they need, this would be then checked and verified, and the database would be updated, so that the order can be processed. Diagram of system model: Searches I will now produce a series of simple and complex searches to demonstrate what the system can do, with clear explanations. The complex searches will include two examples each of AND, OR and NOT. Searches with AND 1. If you wish to find out the number of males that live in Walsall, the user would do the following search: m AND walsall As a result of the search the following data will be shown: 1 BASRA SUKHPINDER M 10/05/85 WALSALL 27 Willoherb Close Cash 2 SANOBAR MANSOOR M 27/12/84 WALSALL 24 Lord Street Cash 3 HUSSAIN AKHTAR M 06/03/85 WALSALL 12 Maple Drive Cash 4 GANI BODRUL M 14/01/85 WALSALL 123 Broadway West Cash 5 BHANGAL HARPREET M 04/12/84 WALSALL 2 Poppy Drive Cash 6 AHMED NABEEL M 16/11/84 KASHMIR 15 Tarsemir Close Cash 7 UDDIN AZIR M 24/10/84 WALSALL 5 Milton Street Cash 17 REBROV SERGEI M 12/12/75 WALSALL 24 White Hart Lane Cheque 24 GAREWAL MANDEEP M 17/08/84 WALSALL 56 West Bromwich Road Cash 25 AFZAL IRFAN M 12/09/84 WALSALL 121 Newman Street Cash 2. If you wish to find out the number of females that live in Walsall, the user would do the following search: f AND walsall As a result of the search the following data will be shown: 8 BOULTON KERRY F 29/11/84 WALSALL 17 Bell Lane Cash 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 69 Milton Street Cash 10 AZIZ ARZOO F 18/01/85 WALSALL 33 Caldmore Road Cash 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL 44 Milton Street Cash 28 NAGVI ASADULLAH F 10/06/85 WALSALL 27 West Bromwich Road Cash Searches with OR 1. If you wish to search for people living on Newman Street and Milton Street, the user of my system will do the following search: newman OR milton As a result of the search the following data will be shown: 7 UDDIN AZIR M 24/10/84 WALSALL 5 Milton Street Cash 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 69 Milton Street Cash 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL 44 Milton Street Cash 25 AFZAL IRFAN M 12/09/84 WALSALL 121 Newman Street Cash Notice that I never included street, as there are other roads that ended in street in my best data file (data file 3). 2. If the user wishes to find out information on the people born in Tottenham and Rome, they will do the following search: tot OR rom As a result of the search the following data will be shown: 13 GINOLA DAVID M 03/05/68 TOTTENHAM 77 Park Lane Cheque 14 DEL PIERO ALESSANDRO M 10/11/75 ROME 17 Honeysuckle Drive Visa 15 BATISTUTA GABRIEL M 02/04/69 ROME 19 Santi Bernabeau Cheque 18 ARMSTRONG CHRIS M 03/04/71 TOTTENHAM 9 Bow Street Cash 19 CAMPBELL SOL M 04/12/74 TOTTENHAM 67 White Hart Lane Cash 20 ANDERTON DARREN M 26/10/71 TOTTENHAM 34 Trafalgar Square Cheque 22 CARR STEVEN M 27/05/77 TOTTENHAM 7 Oxford Street Visa 23 LES FERDINAND M 03/01/67 TOTTENHAM 137 Broadway West Visa Notice that I have used fewer characters in my search, as their no other fields except the address field that begins with tot or rom. This also saves some of the users time. Searches with NOT 1. If the user wants to find out about females only that were born in the year 1985, they will do the following search: f 85 NOT m As a result of the search the following data will be shown: 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 69 Milton Street Cash 10 AZIZ ARZOO F 18/01/85 WALSALL 33 Caldmore Road Cash 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL 44 Milton Street Cash 28 NAGVI ASADULLAH F 10/06/85 WALSALL 27 West Bromwich Road Cash The system would first search for females and then look for the number 85. The search would now be complete, as the list above suggests. 2. If the user wants to search for the people who pay by cheque to buy music, they do the following search: cheque NOT visa NOT cash As a result of the search the following data will be shown: 12 MANN HARBAJAN M 11/04/65 GLASGOW 27 Rosehip Close Cheque 13 GINOLA DAVID M 03/05/68 TOTTENHAM 77 Park Lane Cheque 15 BATISTUTA GABRIEL M 02/04/69 ROME 19 Santi Bernabeau Cheque 17 REBROV SERGEI M 12/12/75 WALSALL 24 White Hart Lane Cheque 20 ANDERTON DARREN M 26/10/71 TOTTENHAM 34 Trafalgar Square Cheque 26 MICHAELS SHAWN M 21/07/67 NEW YORK 97 HBK Merchandise Cheque 27 AUSTIN STEVE M 07/06/85 TEXAS 44 Rattlesnake Willows Cheque 29 SINGH PIARA F 01/01/39 SLOUGH 4 Poppy Drive Cheque The system browses for the word cheque and provides the answer to the search, for the user of the system. Results of my searches I have analysed the results of my searches and compared them with the original stated requirements. I found that my searches were successful with AND, OR and NOT, therefore the user can use my system properly. The results show that the user only needs to type in a few characters to get what they want out of the searches. Comments from third party Below are the comments made by my friend about the viability of my new system: Daljits work is very thorough and he has very worked hard to create the new system. He has tested it in different ways to see that it functions correctly and has expanded it from the previous system that he created. To show how the system can be improved he has demonstrated ways of linking it to the world-wide web, just as the leading music companies have done, therefore music can be ordered on-line. His system works accurately as his searches proved and any user that uses the system can use it efficiently and effectively. The following are the changes that I made as a result of the comment above: * I produced annotated hard copy evidence at each stage of my work to show my improvement. * I asked the views of more than one person about the viability of my system and found that the comments were similar to my friend. * I included extra fields in my design.

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 25

Compare and contrast - Essay Example tly, Barbara Ehrenrich’s piece, â€Å"Serving in Florida† relates a very personal tale of the hardship that an individual seeking to earn a living on minimum wage faces. Taking this experience on as a project, Ehrenrich soon realizes that in order to afford the rent, utilities and fuel that will take her back and forth to her minimum wage job she will need to take on another minimum wage job to break even. Although it would have been possible for the writer to engage the reader on a purely economic level of understanding, Ehrenrich’s piece is instead deeply emotional as the reader comes to an appreciation of the fact that the current system creates a virtual trap by which people are forced to work themselves to an early death; just as a function of â€Å"breaking even† (Ehrenrich 9). As Ehrenrich notes, this is in stark contrast to the sacrifices that previous generations have made in order to save and slowly lift themselves out of poverty. Moving on to the second article, entitled â€Å"Culture of Success†, the reader can note that the personal tone that Ehrenrich engages is missing. Instead, the focus is placed on the fact that the labor market is flooded with college graduates; which in turn reduces the incentive for an individual to saddle themselves with mountains of debt that a college degree necessarily creates. The hardship, as the article implies, is the fact that the college degree no longer guarantees economic success for the future aspirations of the individuals that receive it. Instead, a saturated job market is proliferated by individuals with college debt and rather useless college degrees; creating a situation in which the incentive to gain higher education has all but evaporated (Brinck 4). Another differentiation that is impacting upon the job market has to do with the fact that fewer and fewer minorities are making the decision to invest the time and money that is required for a college degree . Reviewing this decision from the standpoint

Computer networking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer networking - Research Paper Example The connectivity that has connected individuals in the present digital age has become possible due the linking together of computing devices. Technically advanced devices and their increasing usability have assisted in connectivity among individuals. Communication and connectivity have never been as easy as they are today. Neither is it required to get into the hassle of arranging hardware for establishing connectivity nor is it as timely as it used to be just about a decade back. There are several means by which connectivity may be maintained. The basis of it all however lies in the fact that it mainly is computer networking that enables the establishment of this connectivity. The establishment of connection between two or more computing devices is referred to as Computer networking. This network among computing devices may be established via either local area networks or Wide Area Networks. The connection may either be wired or un-wired. The unwired connections are referred to as Wireless Networks. The computing devices that are part of a network are said to be its units. The most suitable and feasible of networks is the Local Area Network. Once the LAN has been set up, the proposition of converting it into its better WLAN form become comparatively easier. Computing resources that are present within a physical boundary over a small area can be connected together via hardwired physical connections. It is this type of a hard wired connection which is referred to as a Local Area Network. â€Å"Universal components consist of the physical media that connect devices, interfaces on the individual devices that connect to the media, protocols that transmit data across the network, and software that negotiates, interprets, and administers the network and its services.† (Knowledgebase, 2012) Computing devices connected via a network

Discuss the major changes in maternal physiology that are essential to Essay

Discuss the major changes in maternal physiology that are essential to a healthy pregnancy outcome and give examples of how placenta may adversely affect pregnancy outcome - Essay Example The changes, mostly those relating to early stages of pregnancy, are partially attributable to â€Å"the metabolic demands brought on by the foetus, placenta and the uterus† (Ciliberto & Marx 1998, para. 1). Besides, the increase in the levels of hormones during pregnancy, especially those related to progesterone and oestrogen are also responsible for inducing the changes. However, most of the changes that occur in the later stages of the pregnancy pertain to the woman’s anatomy, as a result of â€Å"mechanical pressure from the expanding uterus† (Ciliberto & Marx 1998, para. 1). The physiological changes that occur in a woman during pregnancy are intended to â€Å"facilitate the adaptation of the cardio-vascular system to the increased metabolic needs of the mother, thus enabling adequate delivery of oxygenated blood to peripheral tissues and the foetus† (Silversides & Colman n.d., p. 1). The physiological and anatomical changes that a woman undergoes dur ing pregnancy have high significance on pregnancy outcomes and appropriate physiological transformation is a crucial element in achieving healthy pregnancy outcomes. There are several changes that occur in pregnant woman during the gestation period, which can be anatomical or physiological, such as: gestational weight gain, cardio-vascular changes, hormonal changes, changes in respiratory system, changes in the immunity system etc. This study will contain an analysis of three of the major changes in maternal physiology, such as Gestational Weight Gain, Hormonal Changes and Changes in the Cardio-Vascular System, as endorsed below: - This is one of the major changes that occur in a pregnant female during gestation period. One significant development during pregnancy is that a woman’s uterus undergoes enlargement and, as a consequence, abdominal viscera gets displaced. This, in turn, causes elevation of the diaphragm as a result of which the heart is moved â€Å"upwards to the left and assumes a

A Comparison of Person Centred and Existential Therapies

A Comparison of Person Centred and Existential Therapies Although person centred and existential therapies are both humanistic in their approaches both these therapies have many differences as well as similarities in the use of the therapy towards their clients. Yalom agrees with Rogers in that it is the therapeutic relationship that heals. However Yalom helps his clients from a philosophical stance in dealing with their problems. Furthermore this is where existentialism differs from Rogerss person centred therapy Jones, R. (2006). This essay will compare and contrast person centred and existential therapeutic approaches to therapy. Whereas the person centred approach regards the individual as the authority on their own experience (Mulhauser, G. 2010). In contrast the existential approach views the client as having continual change and transformations throughout their experiences. However the person centred approach provides three core conditions that the client finds useful to aid them in their growth and therapeutic change these are according to Rogers as cited in Jones, R. (2006), the first is unconditional positive regard where Roger regards as the trust the therapist puts in the clients ability to constructive change. Furthermore Roger believed that as well as this trust placed in the client; that the therapists also have their own struggle in that the therapist must be mindful of the clients ability to attain constructive self-direction if that respect is part of their personality. This then makes a critical feature of Rogers therapeutic approach and the relationship in which the client is valued, and resp ected as a worthy person (Jones, R. 2006). Empathic understanding is the next core condition Rogers as cited in Jones, R. (2006) suggests it is a empathic understanding the therapist shows in understanding and accepting the clients point of view. Furthermore in understanding the clients thoughts as well as their feelings the therapist shows understanding it can also shows the client point view is important and accepted. However when Roger talks about the third condition congruence he is saying that the client does not need to guess what the therapist is really like (Mulhauser, G. 2010) however the therapist must be in touch with their feelings whilst still have awareness of these feelings which the therapist can communicate if appropriate (Rogers, 1962: 417) as cited in Jones, R. (2006). Which does not mean the therapist can come out with every feeling but must also try to avoid turning it from person centred to therapist centred; with therapists sharing their feelings this can be s een as strengthening the relationship between the therapist and client by being expressed genuinely. Furthermore these three conditions are what Rogers had confidence in that the client was able to use to develop their own identity, which resulted in the client experience of therapeutic change. Existential therapy on the other hand according to Mulhauser, G. (2010) is about facilitating the clients own encounter and, to work alongside them in the job of exploring and understanding their values, assumptions and ideals. The therapist is concerned mostly with the client (Mulhauser, G. 2010). The same can be said of person centred approach is very similar by working with the clients own experiences to help them explore and understand their values, assumptions, and ideals. Furthermore this is where both therapies have similarities in that both types of therapies try not to impose their own bias or judgements during therapy or on the client (Mulhauser, G. 2010); this then helps the client to figure out and expand on their perspective, the main objective in helping the client to live life well. The clients own assessments of their own experiences and according to Mulhauser, G. (2010) attributions of value may be replaced by creations partly or even entirely due to the pressures fe lt from other people. Which Mulhauser, G.(2010) says that the individual displaces personal judgements and meanings with those of others. This may cause Psychological disturbances which can occur when the persons self-concept clashes with their other experiences. Furthermore according to Mulhuser, G. (2010) the existential approach shows the same similarities with the clients capacity in making well- informed choices about their own life and the attitude towards it, this however highlights the need for the therapist to remain in control of their own personal and professional assumptions. He also goes on to suggest that whereas the existential approach is completely symmetric in giving emphasis to self-awareness. In contrast the person centred approach is considered asymmetric in the client self-awareness (Mulhauser, G. 2010). Furthermore he suggests that the existential idea works along similar to the person centred approach in that the two of us, you and me, are responsible for the coming to grips with the vagaries of life, meaning, and even death this is where the therapist should concentrate on the client and not themselves. Mulhauser, G. (2010) also says the same about the person centred approach in that the two of us, you and me are involved in different accomplishments, here the therapist reassures the client that they are there for them and to accept the client with unconditioned positive regard and to show congruently on them and not themselves (Mulhauser, G. 2010). On the other hand the existential approach wants to understand what it means to be human and what conflicts people face. Death for instance is one of the first existential conflicts to be addressed in that being aware of death and the predictability of death as well as some people wishing to be dead life and death is a constant source of anxiety whether it be neurotic, normal or existential. Furthermore when you here the term death terror this implies a more force of death than the anxiety of death. However the fear of death can be either conscious or unconscious from earlier experiences when growing up as children are preoccupied with death these feelings of anxiety can be repressed to form a defence to cope with this conceivable threats of terror. However this is where psychopathology has failed in its attempts to transcend death Jones, R. (2006). The second conflict is how people cope with freedom and how this leads to both anxiety and dread due to when people are separated from others can increase our sense of control in assuming accountability in that they become responsible for their own lives and their actions and this is why we give up our freedom by joining groups you can avoid isolation. On the other hand isolation can cause anxiety and people have always had a deep need for belonging and they want approval of others. Also shown in freedom above people join groups but in doing so may in overtly take on the identity of the group they have joined therefore trading their independence to belong with others, as well as this; isolation can remind the person of how vulnerable they are and their also there morality even though each person has to die sometime but when we isolate ourselves it can lead to ,choices which could even lead on to death. This type of solitary life can become a punishment that not only refers to prisons but also the home whereby as a child you are sent to your room, as well as being ignored this is used to bring unruly children and adults into line (Jones, R. 2006) . In conclusion you can see that both these therapies have both similarities and differences. Whereas existentialism focuses on freedom of choice in how a persons life is shaped it also shows us how the client is responsible to their life for self-awareness. With the uniqueness of each individual and how it shapes their own personality; this starts from being a child; also this type of therapy focuses on the present in that the therapist shows and challenge the client that they are responsible for their choices in life. So by existentialism giving this freedom of choice to the client the same can be said of the person centred approach as it also give the client more responsibility in their own treatment and the therapist will steer the client towards self-awareness by letting the client address certain denied feelings by doing this the therapist guides the client to a way of resolving these issues, as the same as existentialism person centred also focuses on the here and now. Both of t hese approaches dont consider on past events in treating the client and just look at the here and now.